003_Statements, Expressions, and Operators

Statements

static void Main()
    {
        // Declaration statement.
        int counter;

        // Assignment statement.
        counter = 1;

        // Error! This is an expression, not an expression statement.
        // counter + 1; 

        // Declaration statements with initializers are functionally
        // equivalent to  declaration statement followed by assignment statement:         
        int[] radii = { 15, 32, 108, 74, 9 }; // Declare and initialize an array.
        const double pi = 3.14159; // Declare and initialize  constant.          

        // foreach statement block that contains multiple statements.
        foreach (int radius in radii)
        {
            // Declaration statement with initializer.
            double circumference = pi * (2 * radius);

            // Expression statement (method invocation). A single-line
            // statement can span multiple text lines because line breaks
            // are treated as white space, which is ignored by the compiler.
            System.Console.WriteLine("Radius of circle #{0} is {1}. Circumference = {2:N2}",
                                    counter, radius, circumference);

            // Expression statement (postfix increment).
            counter++;

        } // End of foreach statement block
    } // End of Main method body.
} // End of SimpleStatements class.
/*
   Output:
    Radius of circle #1 = 15. Circumference = 94.25
    Radius of circle #2 = 32. Circumference = 201.06
    Radius of circle #3 = 108. Circumference = 678.58
    Radius of circle #4 = 74. Circumference = 464.96
    Radius of circle #5 = 9. Circumference = 56.55
*/

Declaration statements - 선언문

// Variable declaration statements.
double area;
double radius = 2;

// Constant declaration statement.
const double pi = 3.14159;

Expression statements - 표현식 문

// Expression statement (assignment).
area = 3.14 * (radius * radius);

// Error. Not  statement because no assignment:
//circ * 2;

// Expression statement (method invocation).
System.Console.WriteLine();

// Expression statement (new object creation).
System.Collections.Generic.List strings =
    new System.Collections.Generic.List();

The empty statement - 빈 문장

void ProcessMessages()
{
    while (ProcessMessage())
        ; // Statement needed here.
}

void F()
{
    //...
    if (done) goto exit;
//...
exit:
    ; // Statement needed here.
}

Embedded Statements - 내장형 문

// Recommended style. Embedded statement in  block.
foreach (string s in System.IO.Directory.GetDirectories(
                        System.Environment.CurrentDirectory))
{
    System.Console.WriteLine(s);
}

// Not recommended.
foreach (string s in System.IO.Directory.GetDirectories(
                        System.Environment.CurrentDirectory))
    System.Console.WriteLine(s);

if(pointB == true)
    //Error CS1023:
    int radius = 5;

if (b == true)
{
    // OK:
    System.DateTime d = System.DateTime.Now;
    System.Console.WriteLine(d.ToLongDateString());
}

Nested Statement Blocks - 중첩 문구 블록

foreach (string s in System.IO.Directory.GetDirectories(
    System.Environment.CurrentDirectory))
{
    if (s.StartsWith("CSharp"))
    {
        if (s.EndsWith("TempFolder"))
        {
            return s;
        }
    }

}
return "Not found.";

Unreachable Statements - 도달 불가 문

CS0162 경고가 발생합니다.

// An over-simplified example of unreachable code.
const int val = 5;
if (val < 4)
{
    System.Console.WriteLine("I'll never write anything."); //CS0162
}

Expressions

표현식은 하나의 값, 대상, 방법, 명칭 공간으로 계산할 수 있는 하나 이상의 조작수와 하나 이상의 조작부호를 포함하는 서열이다.

((x < 10) && ( x > 5)) || ((x > 20) && (x < 25));
   
System.Convert.ToInt32("35");

Overflows - 넘침

checked 상하문 환경에서 산술 연산 결과가 넘치면 이상을 일으킬 수 있습니다.
unchecked 상하문 환경에서 산술 연산 결과가 넘치면 이상을 일으키지 않지만 계산 결과의 높은 위치는 절단되어 버려진다.
기본적으로 상수 값만 포함된 표현식은 연산 결과가 목표 유형을 넘치면 컴파일 오류를 일으킬 수 있습니다.표현식에 하나 이상의 비상량 값이 포함되어 있다면, 이 때 컴파일러는 넘침을 탐지하지 않고 컴파일 오류가 발생하지 않습니다.
checked

// The following example causes compiler error CS0220 because 2147483647
// is the maximum value for integers. 
//int i1 = 2147483647 + 10;

// The following example, which includes variable ten, does not cause
// a compiler error.
int ten = 10;
int i2 = 2147483647 + ten;

// By default, the overflow in the previous statement also does
// not cause a run-time exception. The following line displays 
// -2,147,483,639 as the sum of 2,147,483,647 and 10.
Console.WriteLine(i2);

// If the previous sum is attempted in a checked environment, an 
// OverflowException error is raised.

// Checked expression.
Console.WriteLine(checked(2147483647 + ten));

// Checked block.
checked
{
    int i3 = 2147483647 + ten;
    Console.WriteLine(i3);
}

class OverFlowTest
{
    // Set maxIntValue to the maximum value for integers.
    static int maxIntValue = 2147483647;

    // Using a checked expression.
    static int CheckedMethod()
    {
        int z = 0;
        try
        {
            // The following line raises an exception because it is checked.
            z = checked(maxIntValue + 10);
        }
        catch (System.OverflowException e)
        {
            // The following line displays information about the error.
            Console.WriteLine("CHECKED and CAUGHT:  " + e.ToString());
        }
        // The value of z is still 0.
        return z;
    }

    // Using an unchecked expression.
    static int UncheckedMethod()
    {
        int z = 0;
        try
        {
            // The following calculation is unchecked and will not 
            // raise an exception.
            z = maxIntValue + 10;
        }
        catch (System.OverflowException e)
        {
            // The following line will not be executed.
            Console.WriteLine("UNCHECKED and CAUGHT:  " + e.ToString());
        }
        // Because of the undetected overflow, the sum of 2147483647 + 10 is 
        // returned as -2147483639.
        return z;
    }

    static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("
CHECKED output value is: {0}",
                          CheckedMethod());
        Console.WriteLine("UNCHECKED output value is: {0}",
                          UncheckedMethod());
    }
    /*
   Output:
   CHECKED and CAUGHT:  System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted
   in an overflow.
      at ConsoleApplication1.OverFlowTest.CheckedMethod() 

   CHECKED output value is: 0
   UNCHECKED output value is: -2147483639
 */
}

unchecked

class UncheckedDemo
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // int.MaxValue is 2,147,483,647.
        const int ConstantMax = int.MaxValue;
        int int1;
        int int2;
        int variableMax = 2147483647;

        // The following statements are checked by default at compile time. They do not
        // compile.
        //int1 = 2147483647 + 10;
        //int1 = ConstantMax + 10;

        // To enable the assignments to int1 to compile and run, place them inside 
        // an unchecked block or expression. The following statements compile and
        // run.
        unchecked
        {
            int1 = 2147483647 + 10;
        }
        int1 = unchecked(ConstantMax + 10);

        // The sum of 2,147,483,647 and 10 is displayed as -2,147,483,639.
        Console.WriteLine(int1);


        // The following statement is unchecked by default at compile time and run 
        // time because the expression contains the variable variableMax. It causes  
        // overflow but the overflow is not detected. The statement compiles and runs.
        int2 = variableMax + 10;

        // Again, the sum of 2,147,483,647 and 10 is displayed as -2,147,483,639.
        Console.WriteLine(int2);

        // To catch the overflow in the assignment to int2 at run time, put the
        // declaration in a checked block or expression. The following
        // statements compile but raise an overflow exception at run time.
        checked
        {
            //int2 = variableMax + 10;
        }
        //int2 = checked(variableMax + 10);

        // Unchecked sections frequently are used to break out of a checked 
        // environment in order to improve performance in a portion of code 
        // that is not expected to raise overflow exceptions.
        checked
        { 
            // Code that might cause overflow should be executed in a checked
            // environment.
            unchecked
            { 
                // This section is appropriate for code that you are confident 
                // will not result in overflow, and for which performance is 
                // a priority.
            }
            // Additional checked code here. 
        }
    }
}

Expression-bodied members - 표현식 구성원

expression-bodied method - 표현식체 방법
단일한 표현식을 포함하고 이 표현식은 이 방법의 반환값 유형과 일치하는 반환값을 되돌려줍니다.

using System;

public class Person
{
   public Person(string firstName, string lastName)
   {
      fname = firstName;
      lname = lastName;
   }

   private string fname;
   private string lname;
   
   public override string ToString() => $"{fname} {lname}".Trim();
   public void DisplayName() => Console.WriteLine(ToString());
}

class Example
{
   static void Main()
   {
      Person p = new Person("Mandy", "Dejesus");
      Console.WriteLine(p);
      p.DisplayName();
   }
}

읽기 전용 속성 - 읽기 전용 속성
C# 6부터 표현식 정의를 사용하여 읽기 전용 속성을 생성할 수 있습니다.

PropertyType PropertyName => expression;

public class Location
{
   private string locationName;
   
   public Location(string name)
   {
      locationName = name;
   }

   public string Name => locationName;
}

Properties - 속성
C# 7부터 표현식 정의를 사용하여 속성의 get과 set 접근기를 생성할 수 있습니다.

public class Location
{
   private string locationName;
   
   public Location(string name) => Name = name;

   public string Name
   {
      get => locationName;
      set => locationName = value;
   } 
}

Constructors - 구조 함수

public class Location
{
   private string locationName;
   
   public Location(string name) => Name = name;

   public string Name
   {
      get => locationName;
      set => locationName = value;
   } 
}

Finalizers - 엔클로저
자원 방출

using System;

public class Destroyer
{
   public override string ToString() => GetType().Name;
   
   ~Destroyer() => Console.WriteLine($"The {ToString()} destructor is executing.");
}

Indexers - 인덱스

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class Sports
{
   private string[] types = { "Baseball", "Basketball", "Football", 
                              "Hockey", "Soccer", "Tennis", 
                              "Volleyball" }; 

   public string this[int i]
   {
      get => types[i];
      set => types[i] = value;
   }
}

Operators - 조작자

Anonymous functions - 익명 함수

익명 함수는 내연의 문장이나 표현식으로delegate 형식이 나타나는 곳에 사용됩니다.

Equality comparisons - 동일 비교

Reference equality - 참조 동일

참조는 두 객체의 참조가 동일한 기본 객체를 참조하는 것과 같습니다.

using System;
class Test
{
    public int Num { get; set; }
    public string Str { get; set; }

    static void Main()
    {
        Test a = new Test() { Num = 1, Str = "Hi" };
        Test b = new Test() { Num = 1, Str = "Hi" };

        bool areEqual = System.Object.ReferenceEquals(a, b);
        // False:
        System.Console.WriteLine("ReferenceEquals(a, b) = {0}", areEqual);

        // Assign b to a.
        b = a;

        // Repeat calls with different results.
        areEqual = System.Object.ReferenceEquals(a, b);
        // True:
        System.Console.WriteLine("ReferenceEquals(a, b) = {0}", areEqual);

        // Keep the console open in debug mode.
        Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

Value equality - 값이 같음

값은 동일합니다. 즉, 두 객체에 동일한 값이 포함됩니다.

int a = GetOriginalValue();  
int b = GetCurrentValue();  
  
// Test for value equality.   
if( b == a)   
{  
    // The two integers are equal.  
}