제로 기초 학습 클 라 우 드 컴 퓨 팅 및 빅 데이터 DBA 클 러 스 터 [Linux 시스템 설정 및 네트워크 설정 2015 년 12 월 30 일 수요일]
2015.12.30/Mon
************* **************
1）
：atd
：at
：/etc/init.d/atd
：/etc/at.deny
：/var/spool/at
2）
：cron/crond
：crontab
：/etc/init.d/crond
：/etc/cron.deny /etc/crontab
：/var/spool/cron/* /var/log/cron
* rhel6
1) ——>BIOS——>boot loader(MBR)——>Kernel & initrd——>init
2)BIOS
1> CMOS，
2>
3> ， MBR
2)boot loader
1> MBR（512bytes）， 446bytes
2>rhel6 grub：
a. /boot/grub/menu.lst
b.grub P722
c. root
3> Kernel initrd
2)kernel&Initial
1> ：/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64
2> ：/boot/initrd-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64kdump.img<== RAM Disk
3> ：/lib/modules/2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64/kernel
4> : /proc/version
5> : /proc/sys/kernel
3）init
1> ：/sbin/init
2> ：/etc/init/rcS.conf /etc/rc.d/sysinit
3> ：/etc/inittab runlevl
4> ：/etc/rc.d/rcx.d ( runlevel x， )
5> ：/etc/init.d/*
6> ：/etc/init/*.conf
3> ：chkconfig
*******************************************************************************************************
==============================================
atd
==============================================
at ，
at
/etc/at.allow <== at
/etc/at.deny <== at
， root at
/var/spool/at/*
# ：
/etc/init.d/atd restart <==
rhel6
service atd start
service atd restart
service atd status
rhel7
systermctl start atd
systermctl restart atd
systermctl status atd
================================================
at
================================================
at [-mldv] TIME
at -c
:
-m : at , , email
。
-l :at -l =atq, at ;
-d :at -d =atrm , at ;
-v : at ;
-c : 。
===========================================================
cron/crond
============================================================
cron
/etc/cron.allow <== crontab
/etc/cron.deny <== crontab
， root crontab
/etc/crontab <==
crontab , /var/spool/cron/* <==
/var/log/cron
==========================================
/etc/crontab
==========================================
[root@rhel6 ~]# cat /etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
：
/5 * * * * root run-parts /root/runcron
==========================================
crontab
==========================================
crontab [-u username] [-l|-e|-r]
:
-u : root , / crontab
;
-e : crontab
-l : crontab
-r : crontab , , -e
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
crontab -e ：
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
0-59 0-23 1-31 1-12 0-7
*( )
,( )
-( )
/n( ) n ,『 n 』,
====student 12:00
crontab -e
# vi 。
0 12 * * * mail student -s "at 12:00" < /home/student/.bashrc
|<============== ===========================|
===========================================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rhel6
********************************************************************
********** **********
1. ，
2.bios（Basic Input Output System）--> ：
(Master Boot Record, MBR): 512
bootloader: MBR，446 ， ， rhel6 grub/rhel7 grub2
grub
stage1 stage2
stage2
stage1.5
grub /boot/grub/grub.conf
root(hd0,0)
/boot ， ，
hd
hd0
0
quiet ，
initrd ，
initrd
==========================================
===========================================================
/boot/*
===========================================================
: /boot/vmlinuz /boot/vmlinuz-version
RAM Disk: /boot/initrd (/boot/initrd-version)
: /lib/modules/version/kernel /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel
: /usr/src/linux ( ! )
:
: /proc/version
: /proc/sys/kernel
: /etc/modprobe.conf
================================================================================
/boot
==================================================================================
config-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 <==
lost+found
efi
grub <== grub
symvers-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.gz
System.map-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64<==
initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
initrd-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64kdump.img<==
vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64<==
=================
/boot/grub/*
=================
rw-r--r-- device.map <==grub
-rw-r--r-- e2fs_stage1_5 <==
-rw-r--r-- fat_stage1_5 <==FAT
-rw-r--r-- ffs_stage1_5 <==FFS
-rw------- grub.conf <==grub Red Hat
-rw-r--r-- iso9660_stage1_5<==
-rw-r--r-- jfs_stage1_5<==jfs
lrwxrwxrwx menu.lst -> ./grub.conf <==
-rw-r--r-- minix_stage1_5 <==minix
-rw-r--r-- reiserfs_stage1_5 <==reiserfs
-rw-r--r-- splash.xpm.gz <== grub
-rw-r--r-- stage1 <==stage 1
-rw-r--r-- stage2 <==stage 2
-rw-r--r-- ufs2_stage1_5 <==UFS
-rw-r--r-- vstafs_stage1_5 <==vstafs
-rw-r--r-- xfs_stage1_5<==xfs
====================
/boot/grub/menu.list
====================p722
default=0<== , 1 (title)
timeout=5<== 5 ,
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz<==
hiddenmenu<== ( )
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)<==
root (hd0,0)<== partition
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_rhel6-LogVol01 rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_LVM_LV=vg_rhel6/LogVol01 rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
==================================================
/lib/modules/2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64/kernel
==================================================
，
arch cpu
drivers 、 、PCI
kernel
mm
sound
crypto
fs filesystems
lib
net ,
rch
------------------------------
lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep
epmod [-Ane]
:
-A : , depmod , /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.dep 。 -A , depmod modules.dep ， 。
-n : modules.dep , (standard out);
-e :
: , a.ko, ?
[root@www ~]# cp a.ko /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/net
[root@www ~]# depmod
:
lsmod
modinfo
insmod
rmmod
modprobe [-lcfr] module_name
:
-c : !( )
-l : /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel ;
-f : ;
-r : rmmod
/etc/modprobe.d/*
***********************************************************************************************88
rhel6
1. /etc/init/rcS.conf
2. /etc/inittab
Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
/etc/rc.d/rcx.d
chkconfig --list
chkconfig xxxx on 2345
chkconfig xxxx off 2345
chkconfig --level 3 netconsole on ，
root ？
rhel6 kenel s root
rhel7
stage1 MBR /boot/grub2/i386-pc/boot.img
stage2 /boot/grub2/i386-pc/core.img
grup /etc/default/grub
grub /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
/etc/default/grub grub
：grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
：1. systemd
2. ， xxxx.wants ， /etc/systemd/system/....target.wants
3.systemctl enable xxxx
4. ， ， ， 。
centos7/rhel7 ，GRUB b ctrl+x 。
rd.break init 。
rd.break ：
1、 ， ， ， “e”；
2、 ， linux16 ， “end” ， rd.break， ctrl+x ；
3、 mount， /sysroot/， ， ro=readonly ；
4、mount -o remount,rw /sysroot/， ， mount， r,w ；
5、chroot /sysroot/ ；
（1）echo redhat|passwd –stdin root root redhat， passwd， ；
（2） cp ， /etc/shadow
6、touch /.autorelabel selinux
7、ctrl+d
8、 reboot
，
init ：
1. ， GRUB2 ， e 。
2. linux16/linux/linuxefi ：init=/bin/sh
3. Ctrl+x shell。
4. ：mount –o remount,rw /
5. passwd, root 。
6. selinux， ， ：touch /.autorelabel
7. exec /sbin/init ， exec /sbin/reboot
=============================================================================
/etc/init/rcS.conf /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
=============================================================================
，
===============================================================================================
/etc/inittab
===============================================================================================
runlevel( )
# inittab is only used by upstart for the default runlevel.
#
# ADDING OTHER CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
#
# System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf
#
# Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf
#
# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
#
# Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf,
# with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init.
#
# For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how
# upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8).
#
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:5:initdefault:
=============================================================================
/etc/rc.d/rcx.d
=============================================================================
runlevel x， ，
K
S
，
/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/*
K01smartd K74ntpd S10network S26acpid
K02oddjobd K75ntpdate S11auditd S26haldaemon
K05wdaemon K75quota_nld S11portreserve S26udev-post
K10psacct K76ypbind S12rsyslog S28autofs
K10saslauthd K80kdump S13cpuspeed S50bluetooth
K15htcacheclean K84wpa_supplicant S13irqbalance S55sshd
K15httpd K87restorecond S13rpcbind S80postfix
K30spice-vdagentd K88sssd S15mdmonitor S82abrt-ccpp
K50dnsmasq K89rdisc S22messagebus S82abrtd
K50netconsole K95firstboot S23NetworkManager S90crond
K50snmpd K99rngd S24nfslock S95atd
K50snmptrapd S01sysstat S24rpcgssd S97rhnsd
K60nfs S02lvm2-monitor S25blk-availability S97rhsmcertd
K69rpcsvcgssd S08ip6tables S25cups S99certmonger
K73winbind S08iptables S25netfs S99local
=============================================================================
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
=============================================================================
shell script /etc/rc.d/rc.local
=============================================================================
/etc/init.d/*
=============================================================================
, 、 、 、
abrt-ccpp firstboot messagebus rdisc snmpd
abrtd functions netconsole restorecond snmptrapd
abrt-oops haldaemon netfs rhnsd spice-vdagentd
acpid halt network rhsmcertd sshd
atd htcacheclean NetworkManager rngd sssd
auditd httpd nfs rpcbind sysstat
autofs ip6tables nfslock rpcgssd udev-post
blk-availability iptables ntpd rpcidmapd wdaemon
bluetooth irqbalance ntpdate rpcsvcgssd winbind
certmonger kdump oddjobd rsyslog wpa_supplicant
cpuspeed killall portreserve sandbox ypbind
crond lvm2-lvmetad postfix saslauthd
cups lvm2-monitor psacct single
dnsmasq mdmonitor quota_nld smartd
==============================================
/etc/init/*
==============================================
control-alt-delete.conf rcS-sulogin.conf
init-system-dbus.conf readahead-collector.conf
kexec-disable.conf readahead.conf
plymouth-shutdown.conf readahead-disable-services.conf
prefdm.conf serial.conf
quit-plymouth.conf splash-manager.conf
rc.conf start-ttys.conf
rcS.conf tty.conf
rcS-emergency.conf
==================================================
/etc/sysconfig/*
==================================================
rhel7
===========================================================
/boot/*
===========================================================
config-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 <==
extlinux
grub2 <== grub2
initramfs-0-rescue-aeba48e026da48748623100ffa1ab649.img
initramfs-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64.img
initrd-plymouth.img <==
symvers-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64.gz
System.map-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 <==
vmlinuz-0-rescue-aeba48e026da48748623100ffa1ab649
vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 <==
===============================================================================================
/etc/inittab /etc/init.d/*
===============================================================================================
/etc/inittab
==============
# inittab is no longer used when using systemd. <==rhel7
# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.<==
# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /usr/lib/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target<==ctrlaltdel /usr/lib/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del
# systemd uses 'targets' instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets:<== runlevel ， ，
# multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3<==multi-user.target runlevel3，
# graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5<==graphical.targe runlevel5，
# To view current default target, run:<== ， systemctl get-default
# systemctl get-default
# To set a default target, run:<== ， systemctl set-default TARGET.target
# systemctl set-default TARGET.target
===============
/etc/init.d/*
===============
rhel7 /etc/rc.d/init.d/*
systemctl
=============================================================================
/etc/rc.d/*
============================================================================
init.d rc0.d rc1.d rc2.d rc3.d rc4.d rc5.d rc6.d rc.local
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
rhel7 /usr/lib/systemd/system/
systemctl
=============================================================================
/usr/lib/systemd/system/*
============================================================================
rhel7 , 、 、 、
ctrl-alt-del.target rpcbind.target
dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service rpc-gssd.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service rpc-statd-notify.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service rpc-statd.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service rpc-svcgssd.service
dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service rsyncd.service
dbus.service rsyncd.socket
dbus.socket rsyslog.service
dbus.target.wants rtkit-daemon.service
debug-shell.service runlevel0.target
default.target runlevel1.target
default.target.wants runlevel1.target.wants
dev-hugepages.mount runlevel2.target
dev-mqueue.mount runlevel2.target.wants
dm-event.service runlevel3.target
dm-event.socket runlevel3.target.wants
dmraid-activation.service runlevel4.target
dnsmasq.service runlevel4.target.wants
dracut-cmdline.service runlevel5.target
dracut-initqueue.service runlevel5.target.wants
dracut-mount.service runlevel6.target
dracut-pre-mount.service saslauthd.service
dracut-pre-pivot.service [email protected]
dracut-pre-trigger.service shutdown.target
dracut-pre-udev.service shutdown.target.wants
dracut-shutdown.service sigpwr.target
ebtables.service sleep.target
=============================================================================
/etc/sys*
============================================================================
/etc/sysctl.conf
/usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf
-------------------------------------------------
/etc/system-release
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 7.1 (Maipo)
---------------------------------------------------
/etc/system-release-cpe
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7.1:ga:server
---------------------------------------------------
/etc/sysconfig:
atd init network rsyslog
，
authconfig ip6tables-config network-scripts run-parts
autofs iptables-config nfs samba
cbq irqbalance ntpdate saslauthd
cgred kdump pluto selinux
console kernel radvd smartmontools
cpupower ksm raid-check sshd
crond libvirtd rdisc sysstat
ebtables-config libvirt-guests readonly-root sysstat.ioconf
fcoe man-db rhn virtlockd
firewalld modules rpcbind virt-who
grub netconsole rsyncd wpa_supplicant
----------------------------------------------
/etc/sysctl.d:
99-sysctl.conf
-----------------------------------------------
/etc/systemd:
bootchart.conf logind.conf system.conf user.conf
journald.conf system user이 내용에 흥미가 있습니까?
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