excel에서 ip-address 처리
ip-address,wild-card-mask,subnetmask 등
source@gist
용어
- ipwild ip-address/wild-card-mask ex. 192.168.1.0/0.0.0.255
- wild wild-card-mask ex. 0.0.0.255
- maskl subnet-prefix-length ex. 24
함수 목록
기능
개요
ipinnet(ip As String, net As String) As Boolean
ip 주소가 네트워크 주소 (ip/wild 형식)에 포함되어 있는지 여부
ipwild2broadaddr(ipwild As String) As String
ip/wild의 브로드캐스트 주소를 반환 호스트 주소부는 비트 온(1)
ipwild2nwaddress(ipwild As String) As String
ip/wild의 NW 주소를 반환 호스트 주소부는 비트 오프(제로)
wild2subnetmask(sWild As String) As String
wild-card-mask의 비트 반전 wild-card-mask를 subnetmask로
ipwild2ipmaskl(sNetwork As String) As String
ip/wild를 ip/prefix로 변환
ipmaskl2ipwild(sNetwork As String) As String
ip/prefix를 ip/wild로 변환
Ip2Int(sIp As String) As Variant
ip 주소를 4바이트 정수로 변환
wild2maskl(sWild As String) As Integer
wild-card-mask를 prefix-length로 변환
maskl2wild(sMaskl As Variant) As String
prefix-length를 wild-card-mask로 변환
maskl2wildoct(iMaskl As Variant) As String
1바이트분의 마스크 길이(0-8)를 0-255로 변환
샘플
nwaddress.basAttribute VB_Name = "Module1"
Option Explicit
Function ipinnet(ip As String, net As String) As Boolean
Dim ip_network As String
Dim net_ip As String
Dim net_net As String
Dim net_network As String
Dim lslash As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, net, "/")
net_ip = Left(net, lslash - 1)
net_net = Mid(net, lslash + 1, Len(net))
ip_network = ipwild2nwaddress(ip + "/" + net_net)
net_network = ipwild2nwaddress(net_ip + "/" + net_net)
If ip_network = net_network Then
ipinnet = True
Else
ipinnet = False
End If
End Function
Function ipwild2broadaddr(ipwild As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim subnet As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim iip(4) As Integer
Dim isubnet(4) As Integer
Dim iwild(4) As Integer
Dim irtn(4) As Integer
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn(4)
Dim i As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, ipwild, "/")
ipaddress = Left(ipwild, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(ipwild, lslash + 1, Len(ipwild))
subnet = wild2subnetmask(wildcardmask)
ldot(1) = InStr(1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
iip(1) = Left(ipaddress, ldot(1) - 1)
iip(2) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iip(3) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iip(4) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(3) + 1, Len(ipaddress))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, subnet, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, subnet, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, subnet, ".")
isubnet(1) = Left(subnet, ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(2) = Mid(subnet, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(3) = Mid(subnet, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
isubnet(4) = Mid(subnet, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, wildcardmask, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, wildcardmask, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, wildcardmask, ".")
iwild(1) = Left(wildcardmask, ldot(1) - 1)
iwild(2) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iwild(3) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iwild(4) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
For i = 1 To 4
irtn(i) = (iip(i) And isubnet(i)) Or iwild(i)
tmp = Str(irtn(i))
rtn(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
ipwild2broadaddr = rtn(1) & "." & rtn(2) & "." & rtn(3) & "." & rtn(4)
End Function
Function ipwild2nwaddress(ipwild As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim subnet As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim iip(4) As Integer
Dim isubnet(4) As Integer
Dim irtn(4) As Integer
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn(4)
Dim i As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, ipwild, "/")
ipaddress = Left(ipwild, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(ipwild, lslash + 1, Len(ipwild))
subnet = wild2subnetmask(wildcardmask)
ldot(1) = InStr(1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
iip(1) = Left(ipaddress, ldot(1) - 1)
iip(2) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iip(3) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iip(4) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(3) + 1, Len(ipaddress))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, subnet, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, subnet, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, subnet, ".")
isubnet(1) = Left(subnet, ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(2) = Mid(subnet, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(3) = Mid(subnet, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
isubnet(4) = Mid(subnet, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
For i = 1 To 4
irtn(i) = iip(i) And isubnet(i)
tmp = Str(irtn(i))
rtn(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
ipwild2nwaddress = rtn(1) & "." & rtn(2) & "." & rtn(3) & "." & rtn(4)
End Function
Function wild2subnetmask(sWild As String) As String
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim i As Integer
Dim wild(4) As String
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sWild, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sWild, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sWild, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sWild, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sWild, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sWild, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sWild, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sWild))
For i = 1 To 4
tmp = Str(255 - CInt(oct(i)))
wild(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
wild2subnetmask = wild(1) & "." & wild(2) & "." & wild(3) & "." & wild(4)
End Function
Function ipwild2ipmaskl(sNetwork As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim rtn As String
lslash = InStr(1, sNetwork, "/")
ipaddress = Left(sNetwork, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(sNetwork, lslash + 1, Len(sNetwork))
sMaskl = Str(wild2maskl(wildcardmask))
sMaskl = Mid(sMaskl, 2, Len(sMaskl) - 1)
rtn = ipaddress & "/" & sMaskl
ipwild2ipmaskl = rtn
End Function
Function ipmaskl2ipwild(sNetwork As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim sWild As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim rtn As String
lslash = InStr(1, sNetwork, "/")
ipaddress = Left(sNetwork, lslash - 1)
sMaskl = Mid(sNetwork, lslash + 1, Len(sNetwork))
sWild = maskl2wild(sMaskl)
rtn = ipaddress & "/" & sWild
ipmaskl2ipwild = rtn
End Function
Function Ip2Int(sIp As String) As Variant
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim rtn
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sIp, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sIp, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sIp, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sIp, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sIp, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sIp, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sIp, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sIp))
rtn = ((oct(1) * 256 + oct(2)) * 256 + oct(3)) * 256 + oct(4)
Ip2Int = rtn
End Function
Function wild2maskl(sWild As String) As Integer
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim l As Integer
Dim rtn As Integer
Dim i As Integer
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sWild, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sWild, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sWild, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sWild, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sWild, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sWild, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sWild, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sWild))
rtn = 0
For i = 1 To 4
l = -1
Select Case CInt(oct(i))
Case 0
l = 0
Case 1
l = 1
Case 3
l = 2
Case 7
l = 3
Case 15
l = 4
Case 31
l = 5
Case 63
l = 6
Case 127
l = 7
Case 255
l = 8
End Select
If l < 0 Then
wild2maskl = -1
Exit Function
Else
rtn = rtn + l
End If
Next i
wild2maskl = 32 - rtn
End Function
Function maskl2wild(sMaskl As Variant) As String
Dim wild(4) As String
Dim iMaskl As Integer
Dim n As Integer
Dim m As Integer
Dim i As Integer
iMaskl = CLng(sMaskl)
n = Int(iMaskl / 8)
m = iMaskl Mod 8
Select Case n
Case 4
' maskl = 32
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = "0"
Case 3
' maskl = 31 - 24
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = maskl2wildoct(m)
Case 2
' maskl = 23 - 16
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(4) = "255"
Case 1
' maskl = 15 - 8
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(3) = "255"
wild(4) = "255"
Case 0
' maskl = 7 - 0
wild(1) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(2) = "255"
wild(3) = "255"
wild(4) = "255"
Case Else
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = "0"
End Select
maskl2wild = wild(1) & "." & wild(2) & "." & wild(3) & "." & wild(4)
End Function
Function maskl2wildoct(iMaskl As Variant) As String
Select Case CInt(iMaskl)
Case 7
maskl2wildoct = "1"
Case 6
maskl2wildoct = "3"
Case 5
maskl2wildoct = "7"
Case 4
maskl2wildoct = "15"
Case 3
maskl2wildoct = "31"
Case 2
maskl2wildoct = "63"
Case 1
maskl2wildoct = "127"
Case 0
maskl2wildoct = "255"
End Select
End Function
Reference
이 문제에 관하여(excel에서 ip-address 처리), 우리는 이곳에서 더 많은 자료를 발견하고 링크를 클릭하여 보았다
https://qiita.com/harasakih/items/395ade98fb1d2c8e214f
텍스트를 자유롭게 공유하거나 복사할 수 있습니다.하지만 이 문서의 URL은 참조 URL로 남겨 두십시오.
우수한 개발자 콘텐츠 발견에 전념
(Collection and Share based on the CC Protocol.)
Attribute VB_Name = "Module1"
Option Explicit
Function ipinnet(ip As String, net As String) As Boolean
Dim ip_network As String
Dim net_ip As String
Dim net_net As String
Dim net_network As String
Dim lslash As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, net, "/")
net_ip = Left(net, lslash - 1)
net_net = Mid(net, lslash + 1, Len(net))
ip_network = ipwild2nwaddress(ip + "/" + net_net)
net_network = ipwild2nwaddress(net_ip + "/" + net_net)
If ip_network = net_network Then
ipinnet = True
Else
ipinnet = False
End If
End Function
Function ipwild2broadaddr(ipwild As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim subnet As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim iip(4) As Integer
Dim isubnet(4) As Integer
Dim iwild(4) As Integer
Dim irtn(4) As Integer
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn(4)
Dim i As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, ipwild, "/")
ipaddress = Left(ipwild, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(ipwild, lslash + 1, Len(ipwild))
subnet = wild2subnetmask(wildcardmask)
ldot(1) = InStr(1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
iip(1) = Left(ipaddress, ldot(1) - 1)
iip(2) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iip(3) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iip(4) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(3) + 1, Len(ipaddress))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, subnet, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, subnet, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, subnet, ".")
isubnet(1) = Left(subnet, ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(2) = Mid(subnet, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(3) = Mid(subnet, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
isubnet(4) = Mid(subnet, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, wildcardmask, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, wildcardmask, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, wildcardmask, ".")
iwild(1) = Left(wildcardmask, ldot(1) - 1)
iwild(2) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iwild(3) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iwild(4) = Mid(wildcardmask, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
For i = 1 To 4
irtn(i) = (iip(i) And isubnet(i)) Or iwild(i)
tmp = Str(irtn(i))
rtn(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
ipwild2broadaddr = rtn(1) & "." & rtn(2) & "." & rtn(3) & "." & rtn(4)
End Function
Function ipwild2nwaddress(ipwild As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim subnet As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim iip(4) As Integer
Dim isubnet(4) As Integer
Dim irtn(4) As Integer
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn(4)
Dim i As Integer
lslash = InStr(1, ipwild, "/")
ipaddress = Left(ipwild, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(ipwild, lslash + 1, Len(ipwild))
subnet = wild2subnetmask(wildcardmask)
ldot(1) = InStr(1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, ipaddress, ".")
iip(1) = Left(ipaddress, ldot(1) - 1)
iip(2) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
iip(3) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
iip(4) = Mid(ipaddress, ldot(3) + 1, Len(ipaddress))
ldot(1) = InStr(1, subnet, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, subnet, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, subnet, ".")
isubnet(1) = Left(subnet, ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(2) = Mid(subnet, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
isubnet(3) = Mid(subnet, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
isubnet(4) = Mid(subnet, ldot(3) + 1, Len(subnet))
For i = 1 To 4
irtn(i) = iip(i) And isubnet(i)
tmp = Str(irtn(i))
rtn(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
ipwild2nwaddress = rtn(1) & "." & rtn(2) & "." & rtn(3) & "." & rtn(4)
End Function
Function wild2subnetmask(sWild As String) As String
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim i As Integer
Dim wild(4) As String
Dim tmp As String
Dim rtn
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sWild, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sWild, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sWild, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sWild, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sWild, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sWild, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sWild, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sWild))
For i = 1 To 4
tmp = Str(255 - CInt(oct(i)))
wild(i) = Mid(tmp, 2, Len(tmp) - 1)
Next i
wild2subnetmask = wild(1) & "." & wild(2) & "." & wild(3) & "." & wild(4)
End Function
Function ipwild2ipmaskl(sNetwork As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim wildcardmask As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim rtn As String
lslash = InStr(1, sNetwork, "/")
ipaddress = Left(sNetwork, lslash - 1)
wildcardmask = Mid(sNetwork, lslash + 1, Len(sNetwork))
sMaskl = Str(wild2maskl(wildcardmask))
sMaskl = Mid(sMaskl, 2, Len(sMaskl) - 1)
rtn = ipaddress & "/" & sMaskl
ipwild2ipmaskl = rtn
End Function
Function ipmaskl2ipwild(sNetwork As String) As String
Dim ipaddress As String
Dim sWild As String
Dim lslash As Integer
Dim sMaskl As String
Dim rtn As String
lslash = InStr(1, sNetwork, "/")
ipaddress = Left(sNetwork, lslash - 1)
sMaskl = Mid(sNetwork, lslash + 1, Len(sNetwork))
sWild = maskl2wild(sMaskl)
rtn = ipaddress & "/" & sWild
ipmaskl2ipwild = rtn
End Function
Function Ip2Int(sIp As String) As Variant
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim rtn
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sIp, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sIp, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sIp, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sIp, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sIp, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sIp, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sIp, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sIp))
rtn = ((oct(1) * 256 + oct(2)) * 256 + oct(3)) * 256 + oct(4)
Ip2Int = rtn
End Function
Function wild2maskl(sWild As String) As Integer
Dim oct(4) As String
Dim ldot(3) As Integer
Dim l As Integer
Dim rtn As Integer
Dim i As Integer
ldot(1) = InStr(1, sWild, ".")
ldot(2) = InStr(ldot(1) + 1, sWild, ".")
ldot(3) = InStr(ldot(2) + 1, sWild, ".")
oct(1) = Left(sWild, ldot(1) - 1)
oct(2) = Mid(sWild, ldot(1) + 1, ldot(2) - ldot(1) - 1)
oct(3) = Mid(sWild, ldot(2) + 1, ldot(3) - ldot(2) - 1)
oct(4) = Mid(sWild, ldot(3) + 1, Len(sWild))
rtn = 0
For i = 1 To 4
l = -1
Select Case CInt(oct(i))
Case 0
l = 0
Case 1
l = 1
Case 3
l = 2
Case 7
l = 3
Case 15
l = 4
Case 31
l = 5
Case 63
l = 6
Case 127
l = 7
Case 255
l = 8
End Select
If l < 0 Then
wild2maskl = -1
Exit Function
Else
rtn = rtn + l
End If
Next i
wild2maskl = 32 - rtn
End Function
Function maskl2wild(sMaskl As Variant) As String
Dim wild(4) As String
Dim iMaskl As Integer
Dim n As Integer
Dim m As Integer
Dim i As Integer
iMaskl = CLng(sMaskl)
n = Int(iMaskl / 8)
m = iMaskl Mod 8
Select Case n
Case 4
' maskl = 32
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = "0"
Case 3
' maskl = 31 - 24
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = maskl2wildoct(m)
Case 2
' maskl = 23 - 16
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(4) = "255"
Case 1
' maskl = 15 - 8
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(3) = "255"
wild(4) = "255"
Case 0
' maskl = 7 - 0
wild(1) = maskl2wildoct(m)
wild(2) = "255"
wild(3) = "255"
wild(4) = "255"
Case Else
wild(1) = "0"
wild(2) = "0"
wild(3) = "0"
wild(4) = "0"
End Select
maskl2wild = wild(1) & "." & wild(2) & "." & wild(3) & "." & wild(4)
End Function
Function maskl2wildoct(iMaskl As Variant) As String
Select Case CInt(iMaskl)
Case 7
maskl2wildoct = "1"
Case 6
maskl2wildoct = "3"
Case 5
maskl2wildoct = "7"
Case 4
maskl2wildoct = "15"
Case 3
maskl2wildoct = "31"
Case 2
maskl2wildoct = "63"
Case 1
maskl2wildoct = "127"
Case 0
maskl2wildoct = "255"
End Select
End Function
Reference
이 문제에 관하여(excel에서 ip-address 처리), 우리는 이곳에서 더 많은 자료를 발견하고 링크를 클릭하여 보았다 https://qiita.com/harasakih/items/395ade98fb1d2c8e214f텍스트를 자유롭게 공유하거나 복사할 수 있습니다.하지만 이 문서의 URL은 참조 URL로 남겨 두십시오.
우수한 개발자 콘텐츠 발견에 전념
(Collection and Share based on the CC Protocol.)
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