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WSDL2Java generated Client
One of the most common scenarios is that where you have a service which you may or not manage and this service has a WSDL. In this case you'll often want to generate a client from the WSDL. This provides you with a strongly typed interface by which to interact with the service. Once you've generated a client, typical usage of it will look like so:

HelloService service = new HelloService();
Hello client = service.getHelloHttpPort();

String result = client.sayHi("Joe");

The WSDL2Java tool will generate JAX-WS clients from your WSDL. You can run WSDL2java one of three ways:

The command line

The Maven Plugin

With the WSDL2Java API

For more in depth information read Developing a JAX-WS consumer or see the Hello World demos inside the distribution.
JAX-WS Proxy
Instead of using a wsdl2java-generated stub client directly, you can use Service.create to create Service instances, the following code illustrates this process:

import java.net.URL;
import javax.xml.ws.Service;
...

URL wsdlURL = new URL("http://localhost/hello?wsdl");
QName SERVICE_NAME = new QName("http://apache.org/hello_world_soap_http", "SOAPService");
Service service = Service.create(wsdlURL, SERVICE_NAME);
Greeter client = service.getPort(Greeter.class);
String result = client.greetMe("test");

JAX-WS Dispatch APIs
JAX-WS provides the "dispatch" mechanism which makes it easy to dynamically invoke services which you have not generated a client for. Using the Dispatch mechanism you can create messages (which can be JAXB objects, Source objects, or a SAAJMessage) and dispatch them to the server. A simple example might look like this:

import java.net.URL;
import javax.xml.transform.Source;
import javax.xml.ws.Dispatch;
import javax.xml.ws.Service;
...

URL wsdlURL = new URL("http://localhost/hello?wsdl");
Service service = Service.create(wsdlURL, new QName("HelloService"));
Dispatch<Source> disp = service.createDispatch(new QName("HelloPort"), Source.class, Service.Mode.PAYLOAD);

Source request = new StreamSource("<hello/>")
Source response = disp.invoke(request);

NOTE: you can also use dispatches without a WSDL.
For more in depth information see the Hello World demos inside the distribution.
Simple Frontend Client Proxy
If you've developed a service using the simple frontend, you can use the ClientProxyFactoryBean API to create a Java proxy client for your service. This way you can use the service interface to talk to your service. For more information see the Simple Frontend documentation.
Dynamic Client
CXF includes a Client interface which allows you to invoke operations and pass parameters for those operations. For instance:

Client client = ....;
Object[] result = client.invoke("sayHi", "Dan");

There are two ways to create Clients at runtime. The first would be through the ClientFactoryBean and JaxWsClientFactoryBean classes. The second is through the DynamicClientFactory. The DynamicClientFactory goes the additional step of generating and compiling JAXB POJOs in the background for use at runtime via reflection. This is most useful when you're using a dynamic language such as Groovy with CXF.